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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "OPENSSL 1"
.TH OPENSSL 1 "2026-06-11" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification.  Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl \- OpenSSL command line tool
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR
\&\fIcommand\fR
[ \fIcommand_opts\fR ]
[ \fIcommand_args\fR ]
.PP
\&\fBopenssl\fR [ \fBlist-standard-commands\fR | \fBlist-message-digest-commands\fR | \fBlist-cipher-commands\fR | \fBlist-cipher-algorithms\fR | \fBlist-message-digest-algorithms\fR | \fBlist-public-key-algorithms\fR]
.PP
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBno\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR [ \fIarbitrary options\fR ]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
OpenSSL is a cryptography toolkit implementing the Secure Sockets Layer (\s-1SSL\s0
v2/v3) and Transport Layer Security (\s-1TLS\s0 v1) network protocols and related
cryptography standards required by them.
.PP
The \fBopenssl\fR program is a command line tool for using the various
cryptography functions of OpenSSL's \fBcrypto\fR library from the shell. 
It can be used for
.PP
.Vb 8
\& o  Creation and management of private keys, public keys and parameters
\& o  Public key cryptographic operations
\& o  Creation of X.509 certificates, CSRs and CRLs 
\& o  Calculation of Message Digests
\& o  Encryption and Decryption with Ciphers
\& o  SSL/TLS Client and Server Tests
\& o  Handling of S/MIME signed or encrypted mail
\& o  Time Stamp requests, generation and verification
.Ve
.SH "COMMAND SUMMARY"
.IX Header "COMMAND SUMMARY"
The \fBopenssl\fR program provides a rich variety of commands (\fIcommand\fR in the
\&\s-1SYNOPSIS\s0 above), each of which often has a wealth of options and arguments
(\fIcommand_opts\fR and \fIcommand_args\fR in the \s-1SYNOPSIS\s0).
.PP
The pseudo-commands \fBlist-standard-commands\fR, \fBlist-message-digest-commands\fR,
and \fBlist-cipher-commands\fR output a list (one entry per line) of the names
of all standard commands, message digest commands, or cipher commands,
respectively, that are available in the present \fBopenssl\fR utility.
.PP
The pseudo-commands \fBlist-cipher-algorithms\fR and
\&\fBlist-message-digest-algorithms\fR list all cipher and message digest names, one entry per line. Aliases are listed as:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& from => to
.Ve
.PP
The pseudo-command \fBlist-public-key-algorithms\fR lists all supported public
key algorithms.
.PP
The pseudo-command \fBno\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR tests whether a command of the
specified name is available.  If no command named \fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR exists, it
returns 0 (success) and prints \fBno\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR; otherwise it returns 1
and prints \fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR.  In both cases, the output goes to \fBstdout\fR and
nothing is printed to \fBstderr\fR.  Additional command line arguments
are always ignored.  Since for each cipher there is a command of the
same name, this provides an easy way for shell scripts to test for the
availability of ciphers in the \fBopenssl\fR program.  (\fBno\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR is
not able to detect pseudo-commands such as \fBquit\fR,
\&\fBlist\-\fR\fI...\fR\fB\-commands\fR, or \fBno\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR itself.)
.SS "\s-1STANDARD COMMANDS\s0"
.IX Subsection "STANDARD COMMANDS"
.IP "\fBasn1parse\fR" 10
.IX Item "asn1parse"
Parse an \s-1ASN.1\s0 sequence.
.IP "\fBca\fR" 10
.IX Item "ca"
Certificate Authority (\s-1CA\s0) Management.
.IP "\fBciphers\fR" 10
.IX Item "ciphers"
Cipher Suite Description Determination.
.IP "\fBcms\fR" 10
.IX Item "cms"
\&\s-1CMS \s0(Cryptographic Message Syntax) utility
.IP "\fBcrl\fR" 10
.IX Item "crl"
Certificate Revocation List (\s-1CRL\s0) Management.
.IP "\fBcrl2pkcs7\fR" 10
.IX Item "crl2pkcs7"
\&\s-1CRL\s0 to PKCS#7 Conversion.
.IP "\fBdgst\fR" 10
.IX Item "dgst"
Message Digest Calculation.
.IP "\fBdh\fR" 10
.IX Item "dh"
Diffie-Hellman Parameter Management.
Obsoleted by \fBdhparam\fR.
.IP "\fBdhparam\fR" 10
.IX Item "dhparam"
Generation and Management of Diffie-Hellman Parameters. Superseded by 
\&\fBgenpkey\fR and \fBpkeyparam\fR
.IP "\fBdsa\fR" 10
.IX Item "dsa"
\&\s-1DSA\s0 Data Management.
.IP "\fBdsaparam\fR" 10
.IX Item "dsaparam"
\&\s-1DSA\s0 Parameter Generation and Management. Superseded by 
\&\fBgenpkey\fR and \fBpkeyparam\fR
.IP "\fBec\fR" 10
.IX Item "ec"
\&\s-1EC \s0(Elliptic curve) key processing
.IP "\fBecparam\fR" 10
.IX Item "ecparam"
\&\s-1EC\s0 parameter manipulation and generation
.IP "\fBenc\fR" 10
.IX Item "enc"
Encoding with Ciphers.
.IP "\fBengine\fR" 10
.IX Item "engine"
Engine (loadble module) information and manipulation.
.IP "\fBerrstr\fR" 10
.IX Item "errstr"
Error Number to Error String Conversion.
.IP "\fBgendh\fR" 10
.IX Item "gendh"
Generation of Diffie-Hellman Parameters.
Obsoleted by \fBdhparam\fR.
.IP "\fBgendsa\fR" 10
.IX Item "gendsa"
Generation of \s-1DSA\s0 Private Key from Parameters. Superseded by 
\&\fBgenpkey\fR and \fBpkey\fR
.IP "\fBgenpkey\fR" 10
.IX Item "genpkey"
Generation of Private Key or Parameters.
.IP "\fBgenrsa\fR" 10
.IX Item "genrsa"
Generation of \s-1RSA\s0 Private Key. Superceded by \fBgenpkey\fR.
.IP "\fBnseq\fR" 10
.IX Item "nseq"
Create or examine a netscape certificate sequence
.IP "\fBocsp\fR" 10
.IX Item "ocsp"
Online Certificate Status Protocol utility.
.IP "\fBpasswd\fR" 10
.IX Item "passwd"
Generation of hashed passwords.
.IP "\fBpkcs12\fR" 10
.IX Item "pkcs12"
PKCS#12 Data Management.
.IP "\fBpkcs7\fR" 10
.IX Item "pkcs7"
PKCS#7 Data Management.
.IP "\fBpkey\fR" 10
.IX Item "pkey"
Public and private key management.
.IP "\fBpkeyparam\fR" 10
.IX Item "pkeyparam"
Public key algorithm parameter management.
.IP "\fBpkeyutl\fR" 10
.IX Item "pkeyutl"
Public key algorithm cryptographic operation utility.
.IP "\fBrand\fR" 10
.IX Item "rand"
Generate pseudo-random bytes.
.IP "\fBreq\fR" 10
.IX Item "req"
PKCS#10 X.509 Certificate Signing Request (\s-1CSR\s0) Management.
.IP "\fBrsa\fR" 10
.IX Item "rsa"
\&\s-1RSA\s0 key management.
.IP "\fBrsautl\fR" 10
.IX Item "rsautl"
\&\s-1RSA\s0 utility for signing, verification, encryption, and decryption. Superseded
by  \fBpkeyutl\fR
.IP "\fBs_client\fR" 10
.IX Item "s_client"
This implements a generic \s-1SSL/TLS\s0 client which can establish a transparent
connection to a remote server speaking \s-1SSL/TLS.\s0 It's intended for testing
purposes only and provides only rudimentary interface functionality but
internally uses mostly all functionality of the OpenSSL \fBssl\fR library.
.IP "\fBs_server\fR" 10
.IX Item "s_server"
This implements a generic \s-1SSL/TLS\s0 server which accepts connections from remote
clients speaking \s-1SSL/TLS.\s0 It's intended for testing purposes only and provides
only rudimentary interface functionality but internally uses mostly all
functionality of the OpenSSL \fBssl\fR library.  It provides both an own command
line oriented protocol for testing \s-1SSL\s0 functions and a simple \s-1HTTP\s0 response
facility to emulate an SSL/TLS\-aware webserver.
.IP "\fBs_time\fR" 10
.IX Item "s_time"
\&\s-1SSL\s0 Connection Timer.
.IP "\fBsess_id\fR" 10
.IX Item "sess_id"
\&\s-1SSL\s0 Session Data Management.
.IP "\fBsmime\fR" 10
.IX Item "smime"
S/MIME mail processing.
.IP "\fBspeed\fR" 10
.IX Item "speed"
Algorithm Speed Measurement.
.IP "\fBspkac\fR" 10
.IX Item "spkac"
\&\s-1SPKAC\s0 printing and generating utility
.IP "\fBts\fR" 10
.IX Item "ts"
Time Stamping Authority tool (client/server)
.IP "\fBverify\fR" 10
.IX Item "verify"
X.509 Certificate Verification.
.IP "\fBversion\fR" 10
.IX Item "version"
OpenSSL Version Information.
.IP "\fBx509\fR" 10
.IX Item "x509"
X.509 Certificate Data Management.
.SS "\s-1MESSAGE DIGEST COMMANDS\s0"
.IX Subsection "MESSAGE DIGEST COMMANDS"
.IP "\fBmd2\fR" 10
.IX Item "md2"
\&\s-1MD2\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBmd5\fR" 10
.IX Item "md5"
\&\s-1MD5\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBmdc2\fR" 10
.IX Item "mdc2"
\&\s-1MDC2\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBrmd160\fR" 10
.IX Item "rmd160"
\&\s-1RMD\-160\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBsha\fR" 10
.IX Item "sha"
\&\s-1SHA\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBsha1\fR" 10
.IX Item "sha1"
\&\s-1SHA\-1\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBsha224\fR" 10
.IX Item "sha224"
\&\s-1SHA\-224\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBsha256\fR" 10
.IX Item "sha256"
\&\s-1SHA\-256\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBsha384\fR" 10
.IX Item "sha384"
\&\s-1SHA\-384\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBsha512\fR" 10
.IX Item "sha512"
\&\s-1SHA\-512\s0 Digest
.SS "\s-1ENCODING AND CIPHER COMMANDS\s0"
.IX Subsection "ENCODING AND CIPHER COMMANDS"
.IP "\fBbase64\fR" 10
.IX Item "base64"
Base64 Encoding
.IP "\fBbf bf-cbc bf-cfb bf-ecb bf-ofb\fR" 10
.IX Item "bf bf-cbc bf-cfb bf-ecb bf-ofb"
Blowfish Cipher
.IP "\fBcast cast-cbc\fR" 10
.IX Item "cast cast-cbc"
\&\s-1CAST\s0 Cipher
.IP "\fBcast5\-cbc cast5\-cfb cast5\-ecb cast5\-ofb\fR" 10
.IX Item "cast5-cbc cast5-cfb cast5-ecb cast5-ofb"
\&\s-1CAST5\s0 Cipher
.IP "\fBdes des-cbc des-cfb des-ecb des-ede des-ede-cbc des-ede-cfb des-ede-ofb des-ofb\fR" 10
.IX Item "des des-cbc des-cfb des-ecb des-ede des-ede-cbc des-ede-cfb des-ede-ofb des-ofb"
\&\s-1DES\s0 Cipher
.IP "\fBdes3 desx des\-ede3 des\-ede3\-cbc des\-ede3\-cfb des\-ede3\-ofb\fR" 10
.IX Item "des3 desx des-ede3 des-ede3-cbc des-ede3-cfb des-ede3-ofb"
Triple-DES Cipher
.IP "\fBidea idea-cbc idea-cfb idea-ecb idea-ofb\fR" 10
.IX Item "idea idea-cbc idea-cfb idea-ecb idea-ofb"
\&\s-1IDEA\s0 Cipher
.IP "\fBrc2 rc2\-cbc rc2\-cfb rc2\-ecb rc2\-ofb\fR" 10
.IX Item "rc2 rc2-cbc rc2-cfb rc2-ecb rc2-ofb"
\&\s-1RC2\s0 Cipher
.IP "\fBrc4\fR" 10
.IX Item "rc4"
\&\s-1RC4\s0 Cipher
.IP "\fBrc5 rc5\-cbc rc5\-cfb rc5\-ecb rc5\-ofb\fR" 10
.IX Item "rc5 rc5-cbc rc5-cfb rc5-ecb rc5-ofb"
\&\s-1RC5\s0 Cipher
.SH "PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS"
.IX Header "PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS"
Several commands accept password arguments, typically using \fB\-passin\fR
and \fB\-passout\fR for input and output passwords respectively. These allow
the password to be obtained from a variety of sources. Both of these
options take a single argument whose format is described below. If no
password argument is given and a password is required then the user is
prompted to enter one: this will typically be read from the current
terminal with echoing turned off.
.IP "\fBpass:password\fR" 10
.IX Item "pass:password"
the actual password is \fBpassword\fR. Since the password is visible
to utilities (like 'ps' under Unix) this form should only be used
where security is not important.
.IP "\fBenv:var\fR" 10
.IX Item "env:var"
obtain the password from the environment variable \fBvar\fR. Since
the environment of other processes is visible on certain platforms
(e.g. ps under certain Unix OSes) this option should be used with caution.
.IP "\fBfile:pathname\fR" 10
.IX Item "file:pathname"
the first line of \fBpathname\fR is the password. If the same \fBpathname\fR
argument is supplied to \fB\-passin\fR and \fB\-passout\fR arguments then the first
line will be used for the input password and the next line for the output
password. \fBpathname\fR need not refer to a regular file: it could for example
refer to a device or named pipe.
.IP "\fBfd:number\fR" 10
.IX Item "fd:number"
read the password from the file descriptor \fBnumber\fR. This can be used to
send the data via a pipe for example.
.IP "\fBstdin\fR" 10
.IX Item "stdin"
read the password from standard input.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fIasn1parse\fR\|(1), \fIca\fR\|(1), \fIconfig\fR\|(5),
\&\fIcrl\fR\|(1), \fIcrl2pkcs7\fR\|(1), \fIdgst\fR\|(1),
\&\fIdhparam\fR\|(1), \fIdsa\fR\|(1), \fIdsaparam\fR\|(1),
\&\fIenc\fR\|(1), \fIgendsa\fR\|(1), \fIgenpkey\fR\|(1),
\&\fIgenrsa\fR\|(1), \fInseq\fR\|(1), \fIopenssl\fR\|(1),
\&\fIsslpasswd\fR\|(1),
\&\fIpkcs12\fR\|(1), \fIpkcs7\fR\|(1), \fIpkcs8\fR\|(1),
\&\fIsslrand\fR\|(1), \fIreq\fR\|(1), \fIrsa\fR\|(1),
\&\fIrsautl\fR\|(1), \fIs_client\fR\|(1),
\&\fIs_server\fR\|(1), \fIs_time\fR\|(1),
\&\fIsmime\fR\|(1), \fIspkac\fR\|(1),
\&\fIverify\fR\|(1), \fIversion\fR\|(1), \fIx509\fR\|(1),
\&\fIcrypto\fR\|(3), \fIssl\fR\|(3), \fIx509v3_config\fR\|(5)
.SH "HISTORY"
.IX Header "HISTORY"
The \fIopenssl\fR\|(1) document appeared in OpenSSL 0.9.2.
The \fBlist\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR\fB\-commands\fR pseudo-commands were added in OpenSSL 0.9.3;
The \fBlist\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR\fB\-algorithms\fR pseudo-commands were added in OpenSSL 1.0.0;
the \fBno\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR pseudo-commands were added in OpenSSL 0.9.5a.
For notes on the availability of other commands, see their individual
manual pages.
